A Impact of Nuclear Radiation Exposure on Humans and Ecosystems: The Urgency of Iodine Pills in Emergency Management
A Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33005/jdiversemedres.v2i9.151Keywords:
Nuclear disaster, Radiation exposure, Human health, Pottasium iodine pills, radioactive iodinesAbstract
Background: Nuclear disasters and radioactive contamination pose severe health and environmental risks, with both immediate and long-term effects. Beyond acute radiation sickness, exposure increases the risk of genetic mutations, thyroid cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and immune suppression. Radioactive isotopes like iodine-131 (I-131), cesium-137 (Cs-137), and strontium-90 (Sr-90) persist in ecosystems, bioaccumulate, and contaminate food chains. Iodine pills play a crucial role in blocking I-131 absorption by the thyroid, reducing thyroid cancer risk.
Objective: This study evaluates iodine prophylaxis as a primary intervention in nuclear disasters and examines the cascading effects of environmental contamination.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with keywords like “nuclear disaster,” “radiation exposure,” and “potassium iodide pills.” Seven Scopus-indexed journals were analyzed, focusing on nuclear disaster preparedness, radiation effects, and iodine pill efficacy.
Discussion: Elevated I-131 levels heighten thyroid cancer risks, making iodine pills essential. Rapid distribution and public awareness are critical, especially for vulnerable populations. Contaminated food chains pose long-term health risks, necessitating decontamination, radiation surveillance, and bioremediation to mitigate environmental damage.
Conclusion: Immediate iodine prophylaxis, environmental remediation, and continuous health monitoring are vital for reducing nuclear disaster risks. A multidisciplinary approach involving governments, healthcare professionals, and environmental experts is essential for effective preparedness and response strategies.
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