Journal of Diverse Medical Research : Medicosphere

The Relationship Between Temperature, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Malaria Cases in Indonesia

Fairuz Haniyah Ramadhani — 2026-03-31

Malaria is still a public health problem in Indonesia and had the potential to be affected by climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions. This study aimed to analyze the correlations among greenhouse gas emissions across sectors, temperature, humidity, and malaria incidence in Indonesia. The study used an ecological design with a quantitative observational approach based on national aggregate data for the period 2000–2019. Greenhouse gas emission data were obtained from national inventory reports, temperature and humidity data from BMKG, and malaria data from BPS. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Spearman rank correlation test. The results showed that only the emissions of the Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) sector had a strong and significant positive correlation with temperature (p = 0.025). In contrast, the other emission sectors were not significant. In addition, temperature and humidity showed a strong, significant negative correlation with malaria incidence (p = 0.007 and p = 0.005). These findings confirm that the relationship between climate and malaria is complex and non-linear, and is influenced by non-climatic factors such as strengthening of health systems and vector control.

Gallocatechin from Uncaria gambir Roxb as a MurB Inhibitor: A Molecular Docking Analysis and Its Therapeutic Implications

Ilham Kurniawan — 2026-03-31

The rapid escalation of antimicrobial resistance demands new antibacterial strategies targeting essential and druggable bacterial enzymes. Here, we report the molecular characterization of gallocatechin, a polyphenolic compound from Uncaria gambir, as a potential inhibitor of MurB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PDB ID: 7ORZ), a key enzyme in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Docking protocol validation via redocking of the co-crystallized ligand yielded high structural accuracy (RMSD = 0.991 Å). Gallocatechin exhibited a markedly enhanced binding affinity (−8.1 kcal/mol) relative to the reference ligand (−5.3 kcal/mol), corresponding to an approximately 100-fold lower predicted inhibition constant (Ki ≈ 1.09 µM vs 131 µM). Structural analysis revealed that gallocatechin establishes a dense and multi-modal interaction network, simultaneously engaging the catalytic triad (Arg166, Ser239, Glu335) through hydrogen bonding and complementary electrostatic interactions. Notably, this tri-residue engagement and dual electrostatic stabilization are rarely observed in previously reported MurB inhibitors. The binding mode supports a dual inhibitory mechanism involving both competitive substrate displacement and perturbation of the NADPH-dependent catalytic cycle. Collectively, these findings position gallocatechin as a structurally distinct and mechanistically promising scaffold for MurB inhibition, providing a rational basis for the development of next-generation antibacterial agents targeting multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa. Further experimental validation is warranted to confirm its therapeutic potential.

A Narrative Review Hospital Disaster Management as a Strategic Component of the National Emergency Response System

Wayan Dhea Agastya — 2026-03-31

Hospitals constitute a critical pillar of national emergency response systems, particularly in disaster-prone regions. Beyond their clinical function, hospitals act as coordination hubs for medical response, triage, logistics, and intersectoral collaboration. This narrative review critically examines the strategic role of hospitals in disaster management across preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery phases. Evidence from international guidelines, peer-reviewed studies, and Indonesian experiences indicates that structured hospital disaster management significantly improves operational resilience, continuity of essential services, and patient outcomes. Strengthening hospital disaster preparedness through standardized planning, regular simulations, and incident command systems is essential for enhancing health system resilience and reducing disaster-related morbidity and mortality.

Hypoxia: Adaptation Mechanisms and Their Impact on Organs

Rifda El Mahroos — 2026-04-14

Background: Hypoxia is a decrease in tissue oxygen that induces the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and cellular responses such as metabolic changes, angiogenesis, and inflammatory modulation. This initial adaptive response can become maladaptive with prolonged or repeated exposure.

Methods: This article is a narrative review that examines literature from 2015–2025 from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Searches were conducted using keywords related to "hypoxia," "hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)," "cellular adaptation," and "organ impacts," with selection based on relevance and scientific quality.

Discussion: Hypoxia has various exposure patterns (acute, chronic, and intermittent) that trigger a body response through the activation of oxygen sensors and gene regulation by HIF. In the initial stages, the body attempts to maintain stable cell function. However, prolonged or repeated exposure renders this adaptive response ineffective and leads to tissue disruption. These impacts are seen in various organs, such as changes in heart structure, pulmonary vascular alterations, an increased tendency for fibrosis in the liver and kidneys, and a decreased integrity of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier, all of which can contribute to disease.

Conclusion: Hypoxia is a complex biological stimulus with dualistic effects that depend on the duration and intensity of exposure. This understanding is crucial for improving diagnostic and therapeutic strategies related to hypoxia.

Keywords: hypoxia, HIF pathway, oxidative stress, organ dysfunction, inflammation

Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review: Analysis of Antibiotic Residues and Bacteria in Indonesia's Egg and Its Threat to Public Health

Aulia Umi Rohmatika — 2026-03-31

Eggs are the most popular source of protein in Indonesia. The quality of eggs is prone to decline due in management and handling. Eggs can be damaged, one cause of which is microbial growth. Many studies also proved that some eggs sold on the market contain antibiotic residues. The purpose of this study is to determine the presence of antibiotics and bacterial residues on eggs circulating in Indonesia. This study also aims to conduct research on the health risks of eggs containing antibiotic and bacterial residues. This study used meta-analysis and a systematic review. The article search method employs PICO and snowballing techniques across three databases: Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. The articles used are research articles conducted in Indonesia and published between 2012 and 2022. Articles were selected and analyzed as many as 18 articles. This study showed that the findings of bacteria in eggs in Indonesia were OR 0.67 (95% CI 0.52 – 0.88) with a pooled value of OR nial e0.69 = 1.95. Meanwhile, for the OR value of antibiotic residues was 0.28 (95% CI 0.20 – 0.39) with pooled OR e0.28 was 1.32. However, the two results of the study show that there is a bias in the article of the two variables. Consumption of eggs containing antibiotic residues and bacteria can cause various health impacts. In this study, it was found that some eggs in Indonesia contain antibiotic and bacterial residues. Eggs containing antibiotic residues and bacteria can be a threat to public health